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Planets orbiting red dwarf stars face intense challenges to support life, according to a new study conducted using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton. The research highlights the effects of high-energy X-rays and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on potential exoplanets orbiting these stars, the most common type in the universe.
The study focused on Wolf 359, a red dwarf with just 10% of the sun's mass, located 7.8 light-years from Earth. Despite their abundance and long lifespans, red dwarfs emit significant radiation that could strip away planetary atmospheres, making habitability a daunting prospect.
“A planet would need both greenhouse gases like Earth’s and a relatively large distance from its star to have any chance of supporting life,” said Scott Wolk of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA), the study's lead author.
Astronomers have identified possible evidence of two planets around Wolf 359 through optical telescopes, though this has been disputed. While neither candidate lies within the star's habitable zone—the area where liquid water could exist—the researchers used the system as a model to understand the impact of its radiation.
Using Chandra and XMM-Newton, the team analyzed steady X-ray and UV radiation, as well as X-ray flares from Wolf 359. Over just 3.5 days, they detected 18 flares and predicted that much stronger ones would occur over time. This combination of persistent radiation and flare activity poses severe risks to the atmospheres of planets in the habitable zone.
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“If the inner planet candidate exists, its atmosphere would be destroyed by X-ray and UV radiation in just about a million years,” said Ignazio Pillitteri of the CfA and Italy's National Institute for Astrophysics.
Even a planet located at the outer edge of the habitable zone would need a robust greenhouse effect to maintain its atmosphere and shield it from the star's harmful emissions. Without such protection, the conditions required for multicellular life similar to Earth's would be unsustainable.
This research underscores the difficulty of finding life-supporting planets around red dwarfs, despite their ubiquity. “Wolf 359 gives us a vital opportunity to study the challenges of habitability around these stars,” added Wolk. |
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